Cognitive map

 

cognitive map presents information using diagrams, keywords, arrows, and images. It supports active learning and encourages students to think critically rather than memorise facts.

Cognitive Map on Formation of a Company

This cognitive map explains the stages involved in the formation of a company in a clear and structured manner.

The process begins with Promotion, where a business idea is discovered and feasibility studies are conducted. The promoter takes initiative, arranges resources, and prepares necessary documents.

Next comes Incorporation, which is the legal registration of the company. At this stage, documents like the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA) are filed, and the Certificate of Incorporation is obtained. This gives the company a separate legal identity.

The third stage is Capital Subscription, where the company raises funds by issuing shares and collecting capital from investors.

Finally, the Commencement of Business stage marks the beginning of actual business operations after completing all legal formalities.

This visual representation helps students understand the sequence and purpose of each stage clearly.

Cognitive Map on Planning

The cognitive map on Planning highlights planning as a fundamental managerial function.

Planning is defined as deciding what to do, how to do it, and when to do it to achieve organisational goals. The map clearly shows its important features such as being goal-oriented, continuous, and intellectual in nature.

It also explains the importance of planning, including providing direction, reducing uncertainty, encouraging innovation, and improving decision-making.

The planning process is presented step by step—from setting objectives to follow-up action—making the concept easy to grasp. The limitations of planning, such as rigidity and time consumption, are also included to give a balanced understanding.